膽汁由肝臟製造，大家都知道膽汁是用來消化脂質的，卻為他相對應的病理生理不是很清楚。本人因為PBL遇到來學習一下，與各位分享知識。
每人一天的膽汁分泌量約為500mL左右，分泌出富含Sod. bicarbonate的鹼性汁液。
2010年3月22日 星期一
2010年3月9日 星期二
高血壓用藥、心血管用藥與腎不全病患
患有高血壓的病患有很大的部分都有腎臟功能不全的問題，藥物劑量頻次的考量便相當的重要。當心輸出量與腎血流量改變的時候，都會影響藥物的排除。
心律不整的病患必須多加留意，因為藥物毒性可能不是馬上可以發現的，臨床醫師可以觀察病患的QT-prolong或QRS complex的寬度來監測毒性的狀況。
心律不整的病患必須多加留意，因為藥物毒性可能不是馬上可以發現的，臨床醫師可以觀察病患的QT-prolong或QRS complex的寬度來監測毒性的狀況。
Cochrane Library查詢tips
Tip No. 1:
Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT can be selected from the pulldown selection boxes or entered directly within the search text boxes. Use parentheses to separate components when entering complex search directly in text box with mixed Boolean operators.
Example: (colchicine AND liver) AND (fibrosis OR cirrhosis)
Tip No. 2:
The AND operator is used by default between search terms. The string brain stem will match records where both words are included in any order or proximity. Search for exact phrases by enclosing a string in quotation marks.
Example: "clodronate therapy" matches that exact term
Tip No. 3:
Search for accented characters (within all fields except Author) by using both the accented and unaccented versions of a term or by using wildcard (multiple: *) or (single: ?) characters.
Example: meniere* or ménière*
Example: m?ni?re*
Both examples match Meniere's or Ménière's
Tip No. 4:
Within the Author field, both the accented forms of a name (such as Muller and Müller) are matched when either form of the name is entered in the text search text box.
Tip No. 5:
You can use an asterisk (*) as a wildcard character. Please note that autopluralization and singularization are active.
Example: aid matches aid, aids, aidings, aided
Tip No. 6:
As a shortcut for OR, you can use a comma ",".
Example: gene, therapy matches gene OR therapy
Tip No. 7:
All searches are case insensitive.
Example: ph matches pH, ph, PH, and Ph.
Tip No. 8:
Use NEXT to find adjacent terms. Use NEAR/ with a number to indicate proximity. The default proximity value for the operator when no number is entered is 6.
Example: endocrine NEAR/5 therapy matches endocrine within 5 words of therapy.
Tip No. 9:
It is not necessary to search for hyphenated terms separately.
Example: (high NEXT risk NEXT pregnancy) matches high-risk pregnancy and high risk pregnancy
Tip No. 10:
Use the wildcard character (*) at the end of a term to search for diseases that could appear in the text with different endings, such as the Down Syndrome.
Example: down* syndrome
Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT can be selected from the pulldown selection boxes or entered directly within the search text boxes. Use parentheses to separate components when entering complex search directly in text box with mixed Boolean operators.
Example: (colchicine AND liver) AND (fibrosis OR cirrhosis)
Tip No. 2:
The AND operator is used by default between search terms. The string brain stem will match records where both words are included in any order or proximity. Search for exact phrases by enclosing a string in quotation marks.
Example: "clodronate therapy" matches that exact term
Tip No. 3:
Search for accented characters (within all fields except Author) by using both the accented and unaccented versions of a term or by using wildcard (multiple: *) or (single: ?) characters.
Example: meniere* or ménière*
Example: m?ni?re*
Both examples match Meniere's or Ménière's
Tip No. 4:
Within the Author field, both the accented forms of a name (such as Muller and Müller) are matched when either form of the name is entered in the text search text box.
Tip No. 5:
You can use an asterisk (*) as a wildcard character. Please note that autopluralization and singularization are active.
Example: aid matches aid, aids, aidings, aided
Tip No. 6:
As a shortcut for OR, you can use a comma ",".
Example: gene, therapy matches gene OR therapy
Tip No. 7:
All searches are case insensitive.
Example: ph matches pH, ph, PH, and Ph.
Tip No. 8:
Use NEXT to find adjacent terms. Use NEAR/ with a number to indicate proximity. The default proximity value for the operator when no number is entered is 6.
Example: endocrine NEAR/5 therapy matches endocrine within 5 words of therapy.
Tip No. 9:
It is not necessary to search for hyphenated terms separately.
Example: (high NEXT risk NEXT pregnancy) matches high-risk pregnancy and high risk pregnancy
Tip No. 10:
Use the wildcard character (*) at the end of a term to search for diseases that could appear in the text with different endings, such as the Down Syndrome.
Example: down* syndrome
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